Here are the basics of futures contracts. When you are the seller of the contract you agree that you will supply the buyer a specfic amount of the item, it could be a physical commodity such as live cattle, coal or gas, or a financial instrument such as an index. The key point is that the price is set now but the item is delivered at a future date.
To make money trading futures you need to be a buyer of the contract if you think the value of the commodity is going to go up, and a seller of the contract if you think it will go down. The settlement takes place at a future date but you always have to buy and sell at todays prices.
When a contract is either bought or sold you don’t have to hold it until the settlement date. It is easier to either sell or buy it when there is a profit in the trade, at the current market price. There are a number of exchanges that regulate the buying and selling of futures contracts such as the CBOT (The Chicago Board Of Trade) and the LIFFE (The London International Futures And Options Exchange.
Futures were originally developed to help offset the risks and uncertainties experienced by farmers and merchants due to the fluctuating supply and demand for produce. Take for example a coffee plantation farmer. The price that he will receive for his beans will vary according to the vagaries of supply and demand. In a year when supplies are limited and demand is high, prices will be high. In a year when demand falls and the supply is plentiful, the price will fall.
The coffee merchant also experiences the same turbulence in prices due to fluctuating supply and demand. The only difference is that a good price for the farmer is bad for the merchant and vice versa. If neither the farmer nor the merchant knows what the price of beans will be at harvest time, it is difficult for them as they do not know how much money they can spend now in anticipation of future profits.
It makes sense for the farmer and the merchant to get together early in the season and agree the price to be paid for the produce at harvest time. This way the farmer can plan his expenses and the merchant can set his prices. In effect they are negotiating a type of futures contract, which provides them a way of eliminating the risk they face due to the uncertain future price of coffee beans.
Today the futures market has changed a lot from the historical origins. There are now futures contracts on financial instruments such as stocks and bonds. broadly speaking futures contracts are split between commodity type products and financial type products. It is usually not that important because they are rarely held until expiration.
It is important that both the quality and quantity of the produce in the contracts is regulated carefully, this is why the CBOT was founded in 1848. They now regulate many items which are as diverse as silver, corn and bonds
The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) was created in 1919 and has managed a futures market in such things as pork bellies, live cattle and the SP500 index.
The London International Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE) was founded in 1982. Futures markets traded on LIFFE include the FTSE100, the GILT and Short Sterling. LIFFE has experienced huge growth, over 40% a year, since it started. In 2001 a record 216 million contracts were traded, representing approximately 96 trillion in value.
The EUREX is a 100% electronic exchange and started life in 1990. At the time many other exchanges were still using the open outcry system of trading in the pits.
Currencies are also traded as futures, the dollar, pund and Euro are very heavily traded.
You can make a lot of money very fast by trading futures, mainly because of the leverage that can be obtained. At the same time of course it is just as easy to loose money if you don’t know what you are doing. It is very important when trading futures to have a good trading plan as well as having the discipline to stick to the plan and follow the rules.